Highlights from the David Lindsay Pettus collection: 

In September 1960, Winthrop College along with the York County Historical Commission created a play depicting the history of the Catawba Indian Nation. Patterned after other historical dramas of the period it was a success. Surprisingly in this era of segregation, several Catawba Indians were asked to be part of the drama, although the majority of the cast were white.  

Title Page

Page 2

Page 3

Page 4

Cherokee Photographs from the Thomas J Blumer Collection

Folder 58:  Postcards from Cherokee Indian Reservation, Oconaluftee Indian Village, Cherokee, NC                                     (ca. 1955 – 1964).  Postcard of Soco Falls is from 1932. 

Cora Wahnetah holding a bowl with daughter Margaret Wahnetah 

Cora Wahnetah and Amanda Swimmer making pottery 

Cora Wahnetah was the wife of Sam Wahnetah. Sam was the grandson of Catawba potter Susannah Owl. Cora was the daughter of Cherokee potter Ella Arch. 

Soco Falls, 1932

In 1979 there were no federal or state recognised tribes or tribal groups within SC.  That was still several years in the future. An interesting photograph from 1979.  The chiefs of the Catawba, Edisto, Santee and Pee Dee Nations comprise this image.

A mystery solved or a total leap of faith?

Every archival collection usually contains photographs of mystery people. Who were these individuals? How do we identify them? It becomes difficult after 20 to 30 years. It's nearly impossible after 100. Yet sometimes clues occur in an unusual fashion. Here's a brief display of the processes an archivist often goes through.

The Thomas John Blumer Collection contains nearly 3,000 photographs and 5,700 slides, mostly related to the Catawba Indian Nation. Many of these photographs are unidentified although Catawba elders have helped add many names.   

The photographic postcard below has always been a mystery: 

First let's review what is known about this photograph. It is part of the Blumer Catawba Photograph Collection and is one of a series of 17 images captioned:

1. Folder 188: Fred Sanders Album.  Photograph 1 is a professional shot taken in Germany (Oct. 1945), 2 -8, 10 by TJB, 11-17 found in the Fred Sanders correspondence. 

2. This is actually a "real photo postcard." The reverse of this image is a postcard that could be mailed. Real photo postcards were published on Kodak Professional AZO Paper and can be approximately dated by the "stamp box" on the back. The pattern of four triangles pointed upwards dates this image to somewhere between 1904-1918. Photographic publishers often kept stocks of paper until they were used up however, so it's possible this image was made several years later using older paper. 

Therefore we have an image probably associated with the family of Fred Sanders and it dates somewhere approximately between 1904-1918 and possibly later. For the last decade that's been all that I've known. Occasionally I'd pull the image and resign myself to never knowing.

Yet today, while processing an oral history for the Native American South Carolina Digital Archive I found the following dialogue from a 1984 Oral History Interview with Catawba Sallie Wade, conducted by Dr. Blumer. They are discussing George Brown, the son of two well known Catawbas, John Brown and Rachel Wysie Brown. 

TB: What happened to his eyes?  How did he get blind?

SW: He got blind when he was little. I don’t know how, he just went blind I reckon. Because he was a small kid when he went blind. I remember that. His eyes got sore and they thought that—he had a little horse that played with all the time. They thought maybe he got—

TB: Something from that?

SW: Something from that horse, but I don’t know. But he went blind in both eyes at the same time I know that. He got sore eyes when he went blind and never did get better.

TB: Yeah, I spoke to him and he said that John Brown [George’s father] took him everywhere.

SW: Yeah.

TB: To every doctor he could find.

I've always wondered if the boy on the left in the photograph was blind. His eyes are closed and often the eyes of blind individuals remain closed or open infrequently due to whatever caused the blindness. There is also the fact that George Brown was the uncle of Fred Sanders and perhaps the photograph found it's way into his album from Fred's mother, Arzada, the sister of George.  

George Brown was born in 1914 so if this was taken about 1918 he would be about three or four. The boy seems to be several years older though. However, John Brown was a large "big-boned" man and his sons were large men. And the postcard could have been made several years after 1918 which would work. 

The narrative did go on to say that George Brown received special schooling, lived in Columbia and got married in 1952. 

Conclusions: 

The boy may simply have closed his eyes when the photo was taken like many of us do today. Everything you've just read may be an absolute flight of archival whimsy. There is no concrete evidence. 

I will however make a judgement call and change the listing for this photograph to read "Boy on left is possibly George Brown" which doesn't really say anything at all. I'll also include a copy of what you've just read so that fifty years from now patrons will know why the archivist made this call. There is even a remote chance that somewhere there is an individual who knows the answer and will reach out. 

In the meantime though, it's actually a really amazing photograph. 

Selected World War II Images from the Garfield Crawford Harris Collection

The Garfield Crawford Harris Collection contains a limited number of photographs, only 28 total. Many of these were poorly stored and are water damaged.  Garfield annotated several and his captions are added below the images.

Air raid on the way to Pale Mountains (Dolomites - Northern Italy). BL Shirley n the foreground, taken by MM Fowler. 

Camp San Luis Obispo, CA.

Fort Lewis, WA?

March 14, 1941. Garfield Harris on left.

Fog on Cabbage Hill above Pendleton, Oregon

Peter Keller, January 30, 1941

Edward E Haley 1942 

Peter Keller 

March 15, 1941 

Paulee and girlfriend 

Wesley Sprague

 

The Native American Studies Archive announces the acquisition of the Garfield Crawford Harris Papers 

"I enjoyed my life and was as happy as anybody. We lived through it all, and I am still going on.”
- Garfield Harris 

WW II photograph. L to R: Garfield Harris and his brother Wilford

Garfield Crawford Harris Collection

(1914-1994)

(Updated 4/13/2016)

Biographical Note:

The following was written by Dr. Thomas Blumer after the death of Garfield Harris.

“Catawba Indian Autobiographer Passes”

“I was born March 14, 1914, between midnight and day.” Thus begins the direct opening statement of Garfield Harris, who for many years had planned to write “his story.” Actually begun in September 1993, his autobiography preserves bits and pieces of Catawba history in a way uniquely his own.

He was the son of Theodore and Artemis Harris, both Catawba Indians. His father was a sharecropper and his mother, a graduate of Carlisle Indian Industrial, kept the home and made Catawba pottery. The family totaled 11 children in all.

School began for Garfield at age seven in 1921. He was always studious and liked the learning process, but school was difficult for him, for early in life he faced adult chores around the house and in the cotton fields. He received his schooling at the Catawba Indian School, founded in 1896 and closed in 1966. While hundreds of Indian children there learned to read, write and calculate, only Garfield Harris aspired to write his autobiography.  His spotty attendance record however, surely impressed his teachers negatively. Chores came first:

“I only have seven grades in school. My dad was a farmer, and he didn’t believe in kids   going to school. When farming time came, it was in March. If I was in school, I had to stay out to clear up the field and to plant, cut sprouts and briars, corn stalks and cotton stalks to start plowing. Next, cotton had to be hoed. When we finished, I was able to go back to school for two weeks. We took our exams in May.”

When Garfield had time left for study, it was often late at night. And the family often didn’t have money for kerosene to fuel the lamps. His solution was found in pine knots. He gathered them for their steady, bright light. Then after dinner, he would light one and study by it “until one or two in the night.”

His formal schooling ended in 1929 at the age of 15. He went to work on the nearby Sullivan farm for 50 cents a day in summer and 40 cents a day in winter, working from “Sunday to Sunday.” He knew he was fortunate to have even this meager income because the family could do much with so little. His earnings made his 1933 marriage to Ruthie Harris possible. After two years, they separated.

In 1936 he joined the Civilian Conservation Corps and left the Catawba nation for the first time.

“I remember the day we left. We met a bus in front of People’s Bank in Rock Hill and left early in the morning for Columbia…I kind of got homesick but stayed.”

From Columbia, the group was sent to Pennsylvania where Garfield was impressed by the “hard winter.” In the spring he was transferred to Salina, California. His last written statement concerns the joy of seeing the country:

“I learned a lot about traveling and it was a wonderful experience which came in handy in later years.”

While Garfield’s personal account ends with this brief comment, the historical documentation picks up at this point. When WWII broke out, Garfield joined the US Army and served in North Africa. Upon returning home, he went to work for the Rock Hill Printing and Finishing Company (the Bleachery). In 1950 he was elected to the Catawba Indian Nation Tribal Council and served several terms under Chiefs Nelson Blue and Ephraim George. In 1958 he was again elected to the Council under Chief Nelson Blue whose task it was to guide the Catawba Nation through the termination of Federal status. Chief Blue resigned, and Garfield continued to serve under Chief Albert Sanders. Frustrated by the way Catawba assets were being terminated, he resigned in June 1959. Some months later, he married Olga Fowler.

The last years of Garfield’s life were spent nursing his wife and preparing his autobiography. While he did not live to complete the story, his brief contribution to Catawba written history is important for its deep sincerity. Perhaps this is most evident in his description of a house his parents rented from fellow tribal member Davis Ayers:

“The floor was fit together with rough timber, and you had cracks in the floor. You could feed chickens through the cracks. You got plenty of wind from them. We had to put sacks on the floor to keep the wind out…The shingles were made out of oak. When it rained, you had to set pots around to keep your bed from getting wet. As soon as the shingles got wet and swelled, the leaking stopped...I enjoyed my life and was as happy as anybody. We lived through it all, and I am still going on.”

Scope and Content Notes

The collection consists of 3.75 linear feet of material.  The journals begin in 1950 and span 45 years. They are a chronicle of daily life on the Catawba Indian Nation and are filled with accounts of the weather and events that Garfield found interesting. Many journals resemble scrapbooks, containing clippings, obituaries, and other ephemeral items.   

The 1983 journal contains Garfield’s “Remembrances”, autobiographical accounts of reservation life between the World Wars and Garfield’s military experiences. Of special note are his California experiences. Garfield, a Native American is a guard at a Japanese American internment camp.  He also talks about seeing the Navajo (the Navajo wind talkers) practice their signals across the valley.

Garfield was a devoted husband, and Olga the great love of his life. The two fell in love but separated due to the South Carolina ban on interracial marriage. They married in 1959, when the law was abolished. A long and happy marriage ensued with Olga predeceasing Garfield. From this point, almost all journal entries are addressed to his “dearest, darling.”

Many journals contain handwritten indexes created by Dr. Blumer.

The collection also contains some of Garfield’s personal effects such as marriage certificates, an honorable discharge from the Civilian Conservation Corps and various clippings. Of special interest is the unique family blood type shared by his family. The Harris variant was so rare the American Red Cross created a special category for it, and researchers around the world requested samples for study.  Further folders include a small correspondence file, and Mormon Church materials.

Folder List of Contents of the Garfield Crawford Harris Papers

1936-1995

34 Folders:

Journals (30 folders)

1950-1953, 1956-1961, 1963-1965, 1972-1973, 1976-1989, 1992-1994

Correspondence, 1938-1995, n.d.

Personal Effects, 1932-1947, n.d.

Mormon Church Materials

22 Photographs, 6 negatives (US Army, circa 1941)

Mostly taken by Garfield in the west, of fellow soldiers. Captioned names are Wesley Sprague, Peter Keller, Edelman, Pavelee, Edward E Haley, B L Shirley, MM Fowler and Clara Clummer. 

2 bound volumes:

Official Annual 1936, Civilian Conversation Corps, District #2, Third Corps Area

(water damaged). Final pages contain signatures of other CCC members, including some Catawba Indian signatures

Historical and Pictorial Review: 183^rd Field Artillery and Anti-Tank Battalion 76^th Field Artillery Brigade, Ft. Francis E Warren (water damaged), final pages contain signatures and some addresses

Native American Entities Reference Files

The Native American Studies Archive actively seeks to continually add new material. Contemporary scholarship alongside new finds in recently digitized materials continue to increase our growing knowledge and understanding of Native American History in South Carolina and the Southeastern United States. Journal articles, clippings, photographs, and tribal correspondence and newsletters comprise this collection.

These files are very much a work in progress.  It is hoped that South Carolina tribal members and leaders will send us copies of tribal newsletters and other archival materials for inclusion in these materials. 

For any questions or possible corrections, please email the archivist:  wbburgin@sc.edu

American Indian Chamber of Commerce (AICCSC) (Berkeley County)

Beaver Creek Indians (Orangeburg County)

Additional materials located in Alice B Kasakoff Collection including tribal history by Melinda Hewitt. These materials apply to several Pee Dee groups.

        Publications - Newsletter Beaver Creek Indians of Orangeburg County South Carolina, 2007-

Chaloklowa Chickasaw Indians (Williamsburg County)

Catawba Indian Nation (York County)

Additional materials located in the Thomas J Blumer, Early Fred Sanders, Steven Guy Baker, Monty Hawk Branham Collections

Writings:

Adams, Mikaëla M (2012) – “Residency and Enrollment: Diaspora and the Catawba

          Indian Nation”

Auguste, Nicol (2009) – “By Her Hands: Catawba Women and Tribal Survival, Civil War

         Through Reconstruction”

Crow, Rosanna (2011) – “Geochemical Analysis of Catawba Ceramics” (Honors Thesis, UNC)

EchoHawk, Dana Rae (2012) – “Struggling to Find Zion: Mormons in Colorado’s San

          Luis Valley” (Master’s Thesis, U of Colorado)

Federal Writers Project Papers (1936) – “Pockets in America: Catawba Indians”

Fitts, Mary Elizabeth (2015) – “Defending and Provisioning the Catawba Nation: An

        Archaeology of the Mid-Eighteenth-Century Communities at Nation Ford”

        (PhD Dissertation, UNC)

Fortner, Jefferson Locke (2012) – “Cultural Hegemony, Identity, and the Story of the

         Catawba nation” (Master’s Thesis, Eastern Carolina University) (contains interview with

         Catawba Indian Beckee Garris)

 Loftis, Lynn (1994) – “Comment: The Catawbas’ Final Battle: A Bittersweet Victory”

 Miley & Associates, Inc.  (2012) – “The Economic Impact of the Catawba Gaming Facility”

Photographs:

1.  Catawba Indian School, Grade 3 & 4, Mrs. Robinson’s class (ca. 1964)

     Front Row L to R: Vanessa Brown, Fionnie George, Larry Brown, Jimmy Howard

     Second Row L to R: Matthew Thatcher, Calvin Potts, Edwin Campbell, Lily Howard

     Third Row L to R: Nathan Blue, Midge Simmers, Cora Harris, John Hugh Potts

     Fourth Row (Rear) L to R: Lester Harris, Tommy George, Lucille Potts, Pam Thatcher

2.  Catawba Indian school children inside the school. Photograph by Viola Floyd, Apr. 3,

     1956.  Identified students are: Pete Blue, Jackie Canty, Beckee Garris, Walter Harris,

     Randall Sanders, Norma Jean Sanders Usher, Mike Wade. 4 unidentified.

3.  Catawba Indian school children outside the school. Photograph by Viola Floyd, Apr. 3,

     1956. Identified students are: Pete Blue? Herman Brown, Lynn Cantey? Beckee Garris,

     Debra Harris, Dessa Harris, Kaye Harris, Anne Sanders Morris, Lucille Potts, Randall

     Sanders, Gerold Simmers, Jean Sanders Usher. 15 unidentified.

Publications:

Catawba Nation News, 2^nd  Quarter 2012

Cherokee Bear Clan of SC (Oconee County)

Circle of Native Americans (Lexington County)

Chicora Indian Tribe of SC (Horry County)

Additional Materials located in the Alice B Kasakoff Collection

Correspondence, 1993-1994, also includes a few clippings and research notes

Taukchiray, Wesley (1991) – “Report on a Visit with the Indians in Horry County, South

       Carolina, October 8-10, 1991

Croatan Indian Tribe of SC (Orangeburg County)

Eastern Cherokee, Southern Iroquois and United Tribes of SC

Edisto Natchez-Kusso Indians (Colleton, Dorchester Counties)

Additional materials located in Alice B Kasakoff Collection including a brief tribal

history by Herb McAmis

Clippings, 1975-1983       

 Monographs:

 Reynolds, John (2012) – “The Fight for Freedom” (documents the Freedom School)

 Taukchiray, Wes (1980) – “Some of the Written Memory of the Natchez-Kusso Indians of

           Edisto River, 1980 

Fields Indian Family – Pine Hill Indian Community (Richland County)

Legal – SC Court of Common Pleas, Jane Huggins vs. WD Turner, et al. (1914)

WPA Survey of Colonels Creek Missionary Baptist Church     

Keepers of the Word (Dorchester County)

Little Horse Creek American Indian Cultural Center (Aiken County)

Marlboro, Chesterfield, Darlington County Pee Dee Indian Tribe

Midlands Intertribal Empowerment Group (MIEG) (Richland County)

Pee Dee Indian Tribe of Beaver Creek (Orangeburg County)

Pee Dee Indian Tribe of SC (Marlboro, Dillon, Marion Counties)

Pee Dee Nation of Upper SC (Dillon County)

Piedmont American Indian Association (PAIA) – Lower Eastern Cherokee Nation of SC

Newsletter, Crosswinds Fall 2009-

Santee Indian Organization (Orangeburg County)

Wes Taukchiray collection on the Santee Indians

Correspondence, 2005– From Chris Judge to Teresa Gore, historical Santee information

South Carolina Indian Affairs Commission (SCIAC) (Richland County)

The Sumter Tribe of Cheraw Indians (Sumter County)

Additional materials located in the Thomas J Blumer collection and NAS monograph collection

Clippings, 2013

Benenhaley, Dr. Eleazer (200?) – “An Analysis of Neophytes and Would Be Historians”

Federal Writers Project Papers (1936-1940) – “Pockets in America: The Turks in Sumter

        County, South Carolina” (attributed to Lucy G Platt)

Taukchiray, Wesley (1975) – “A History of the Turks Who Live in Sumter County, South

         Carolina, from 1805 to 1972” (includes some draft material and a photograph of

          the tombstone of Mary Ann Oxendine, 1842-1935)

The Waccamaw Indian People (Horry County) Additional materials located in Alice B Kasakoff Collection, includes article on the Dimery settlement by Forest Hazel

Graham, Tracey – “Rethinking the Notion of  Waccamaw Indians (Student essays from

        Horry-Georgetown Technical College)

Legal – SC Court of Common Pleas, Order upon Binding Administration, 11 Apr. 2014 Publications:

        Email South Carolina Indian Voice, 2008-2011

        Newsletter The  Waccamaw Village News, 2006-     

      

Wassamasaw Tribe of Varnertown Indians (Berkeley County)

Wes Taukchiray Collection on the Varnertown Tribe of the Wassamassaw

 Marshall, Martha B. (1900) – “Stories from the Mission Field: In the Pinelands of

         South Carolina” (Indian children at the St. Barnabas Mission School)

South Carolina Native Americans – General (materials may cover more than one group)

Depratter, Chester B (1993) – “Yamasee Indian Towns in the South Carolina Lowcountry,

      1684-1715”

Howard, James H (1960) – “The Yamasee: A Supposedly Extinct Southeastern Tribe

      Rediscovered”

Rainsford, Bettis C. (2004) – “The Chickasaw Indians of South Carolina”

Schohn, J. Michelle (n.d.) – “History of the Pee Dee Indian People of South Carolina”

Schohn, J. Michelle and Melinda E Hewlett (1996) – “History of the Pee Dee Indian People of

       South Carolina (Chronology)

Smith, Elizabeth (1925) – “An Analysis of a “Croatan” Community (Marlboro County)

Spivey, Michael (2000) – Native Americans in the Carolina Borderlands: A Critical

      Ethnography, 2000 (book) (Pee Dee Indians)

Steen, Carl (2012) – “An Archaeology of the Settlement Indians of the South Carolina

       Lowcountry

Steen, Carl (2005) – “Does the 1737 Coachman Plat Depict Land at Four Holes, SC?”     

Southeastern Native Americans

Blanton, Dennis Bruce (2012) – “The Inalienable Rite: Smoking Ritual During the Mississippian

       Stage in the South Appalachian Mississippian Region”

Goddard, Yves (2004) – “Endangered Knowledge: What We Can Learn From Native American

         Languages 

Updated February 16, 2016 by Archivist Brent Burgin